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NEW QUESTION # 41
Sam works as an analyst in an organization named InfoTech Security. He was asked to collect information from various threat intelligence sources. In meeting the deadline, he forgot to verify the threat intelligence sources and used data from an open-source data provider, who offered it at a very low cost. Through it was beneficial at the initial stage but relying on such data providers can produce unreliable data and noise putting the organization network into risk.
What mistake Sam did that led to this situation?
- A. Sam used unreliable intelligence sources.
- B. Sam did not use the proper technology to use or consume the information.
- C. Sam did not use the proper standardization formats for representing threat data.
- D. Sam used data without context.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which of the following types of threat attribution deals with the identification of the specific person, society, or a country sponsoring a well-planned and executed intrusion or attack over its target?
- A. True attribution
- B. Intrusion-set attribution
- C. Campaign attribution
- D. Nation-state attribution
Answer: A
Explanation:
True attribution in the context of cyber threats involves identifying the actual individual, group, or nation-state behind an attack or intrusion. This type of attribution goes beyond associating an attack with certain tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) or a known group and aims to pinpoint the real-world entity responsible.
True attribution ischallenging due to the anonymity of the internet and the use of obfuscation techniques by attackers, but it is crucial for understanding the motive behind an attack and for forming appropriate responses at diplomatic, law enforcement, or cybersecurity levels.References:
* "Attribution of Cyber Attacks: A Framework for an Evidence-Based Analysis" by Jason Healey
* "The Challenges of Attribution in Cyberspace" in the Journal of Cyber Policy
NEW QUESTION # 43
Lizzy, an analyst, wants to recognize the level of risks to the organization so as to plan countermeasures against cyber attacks. She used a threat modelling methodology where she performed the following stages:
Stage 1: Build asset-based threat profiles
Stage 2: Identify infrastructure vulnerabilities
Stage 3: Develop security strategy and plans
Which of the following threat modelling methodologies was used by Lizzy in the aforementioned scenario?
- A. TRIKE
- B. VAST
- C. DREAD
- D. OCTAVE
Answer: D
Explanation:
The threat modeling methodology employed by Lizzy, which involves building asset-based threat profiles, identifying infrastructure vulnerabilities, and developing security strategies and plans, aligns with the OCTAVE (Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation) methodology. OCTAVE focuses on organizational risk and security practices, emphasizing self-directed risk assessments to identify and prioritize threats to organizational assets and develop appropriate security strategies and plans. This methodology is asset-driven and revolves around understanding critical assets, identifying threats to those assets, and assessing vulnerabilities, leading to the development of a comprehensive security strategy.References:
* The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices by Julia H. Allen
* "OCTAVE Method Implementation Guide Version 2.0," Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute
NEW QUESTION # 44
Michael, a threat analyst, works in an organization named TechTop, was asked to conduct a cyber-threat intelligence analysis. After obtaining information regarding threats, he has started analyzing the information and understanding the nature of the threats.
What stage of the cyber-threat intelligence is Michael currently in?
- A. Known knowns
- B. Known unknowns
- C. Unknowns unknown
- D. Unknown unknowns
Answer: B
Explanation:
The "known unknowns" stage in cyber-threat intelligence refers to the phase where an analyst has identified threats but the specific details, implications, or full nature of these threats are not yet fully understood.
Michael, in this scenario, has obtained information on threats and is in the process of analyzing this information to understand the nature of the threats better. This stage involves analyzing the known data to uncover additional insights and fill in the gaps in understanding, thereby transitioning the "unknowns" into
"knowns." This phase is critical in threat intelligence as it helps in developing actionable intelligence by deepening the understanding of the threats faced.
References:
"Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach," by Robert M. Clark
"Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis," by Richards J. Heuer Jr. and Randolph H. Pherson
NEW QUESTION # 45
Jim works as a security analyst in a large multinational company. Recently, a group of hackers penetrated into their organizational network and used a data staging technique to collect sensitive data. They collected all sorts of sensitive data about the employees and customers, business tactics of the organization, financial information, network infrastructure information and so on.
What should Jim do to detect the data staging before the hackers exfiltrate from the network?
- A. Jim should monitor network traffic for malicious file transfers, file integrity monitoring, and event logs.
- B. Jim should identify the web shell running in the network by analyzing server access, error logs, suspicious strings indicating encoding, user agent strings, and so on.
- C. Jim should analyze malicious DNS requests, DNS payload, unspecified domains, and destination of DNS requests.
- D. Jim should identify the attack at an initial stage by checking the content of the user agent field.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the scenario described, where attackers have penetrated the network and are staging data for exfiltration, Jim should focus on monitoring network traffic for signs of malicious file transfers, implement file integrity monitoring, and scrutinize event logs. This approach is crucial for detecting unusual activity that could indicate data staging, such as large volumes of data being moved to uncommon locations, sudden changes in file integrity, or suspicious entries in event logs. Early detection of these indicators can help in identifying the staging activity before the data is exfiltrated from the network.
References:
NIST Special Publication 800-61 Rev. 2, "Computer Security Incident Handling Guide" SANS Institute Reading Room, "Detecting Malicious Activity with DNS and NetFlow"
NEW QUESTION # 46
Lizzy, an analyst, wants to recognize the level of risks to the organization so as to plan countermeasures against cyber attacks. She used a threat modelling methodology where she performed the following stages:
Stage 1: Build asset-based threat profiles
Stage 2: Identify infrastructure vulnerabilities
Stage 3: Develop security strategy and plans
Which of the following threat modelling methodologies was used by Lizzy in the aforementioned scenario?
- A. TRIKE
- B. VAST
- C. DREAD
- D. OCTAVE
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 47
To extract useful intelligence from the gathered bulk data and to improve the efficiency of the composite bulk data, Sam, a threat analyst, follows a data analysis method where he creates a logical sequence of events based on the assumptions of an adversary's proposed actions, mechanisms, indicators, and implications. To develop accurate predictions, he further takes into consideration the important factors including bad actors, methods, vulnerabilities, targets, and so on.
Which of the following data analysis methods is used by Sam to extract useful intelligence out of bulk data?
- A. Linchpin analysis
- B. Critical path analysis
- C. Opportunity analysis
- D. Analogy analysis
Answer: B
Explanation:
The description provided in the question directly matches the concept of Critical Path Analysis (CPA) as used in threat intelligence analysis.
In CTIA, Critical Path Analysis is a structured analytical technique used to determine the logical sequence of adversarial actions or events that could lead to a specific outcome. It helps analysts create a timeline or chain of likely activities based on adversary behavior, available vulnerabilities, and possible targets.
This method involves constructing a logical flow of actions that an attacker might take - such as reconnaissance, exploitation, lateral movement, and data exfiltration - and identifying key points in that chain where defenders can detect or disrupt the attack.
Key Characteristics of Critical Path Analysis:
* It helps identify cause-and-effect relationships between adversarial actions.
* It is assumption-driven, based on observed patterns, indicators, and adversary intent.
* It allows prediction of future attacker behavior by modeling their likely paths and objectives.
* It supports prioritization of defensive measures at critical stages of an attack.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* B. Linchpin analysis:Focuses on identifying the key individual, node, or factor that plays a pivotal role in an adversary's operation. It is used for identifying the "weakest link" to disrupt the threat actor's network, not for sequencing adversary actions.
* C. Analogy analysis:Involves comparing current situations or attack patterns with previous known cases to infer potential behaviors or outcomes. It relies on historical similarities, not on logical event sequencing.
* D. Opportunity analysis:Focuses on identifying areas where intelligence can create opportunities to mitigate or exploit a situation. It's used for strategic planning, not constructing adversarial timelines.
Conclusion:
Sam used Critical Path Analysis to model the attacker's likely actions and derive meaningful intelligence from large volumes of data.
Final Answer: A. Critical Path Analysis
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
As per CTIA analysis techniques, Critical Path Analysis is used for building logical sequences of adversarial events to anticipate attacker behavior and improve prediction accuracy.
NEW QUESTION # 48
Alison, an analyst in an XYZ organization, wants to retrieve information about a company's website from the time of its inception as well as the removed information from the target website.
What should Alison do to get the information he needs.
- A. Alison should use https://archive.org to extract the required website information.
- B. Alison should run the Web Data Extractor tool to extract the required website information.
- C. Alison should recover cached pages of the website from the Google search engine cache to extract the required website information.
- D. Alison should use SmartWhois to extract the required website information.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 49
You are a cybersecurity analyst working at a financial institution. An unusual pattern of financial transactions was detected, suggesting potential fraud or money laundering. What specific type of threat intelligence would you rely on to analyze these financial activities and identify potential risks?
- A. CHIS
- B. FININT
- C. OSINT
- D. TECHINT
Answer: B
Explanation:
FININT (Financial Intelligence) refers to the collection, processing, and analysis of financial transaction data to identify suspicious or illicit activities such as fraud, money laundering, terrorist financing, or financial crimes.
In this scenario, the analyst is investigating unusual financial transaction patterns, which is exactly the purpose of financial intelligence.
Key Features of FININT:
* Focuses on financial data sources, including transaction records, wire transfers, and account statements.
* Helps detect illicit financial flows or abnormal transaction behaviors.
* Used by banks, financial institutions, and government agencies to identify and prevent financial crimes.
* Often shared with intelligence agencies and regulatory bodies to support counter-fraud and anti-money laundering operations.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* A. OSINT:Refers to publicly available information such as websites, news, or social media. It is not specific to financial transaction data.
* B. CHIS:Refers to human intelligence sources obtained through personal or covert interaction, not financial data analysis.
* C. TECHINT:Refers to intelligence gathered from technical sources such as sensors or electronic systems, not financial records.
Conclusion:
The correct intelligence type used to analyze suspicious financial transactions is FININT (Financial Intelligence).
Final Answer: D. FININT
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
As per CTIA threat intelligence classifications, FININT involves collecting and analyzing financial data to detect and mitigate fraudulent or criminal activities.
NEW QUESTION # 50
Jack is a professional hacker who wants to perform remote exploitation on the target system of an organization. He established a two-way communication channel between the victim's system and his server.
He used encryption techniques to hide the presence of a communication channel on a victim's system and further applied privilege escalation techniques to exploit the system.
What phase of the cyber kill chain methodology is Jack currently in?
- A. Command and Control
- B. Delivery
- C. Weaponization
- D. Reconnaissance
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the Cyber Kill Chain model, the Command and Control (C2) phase refers to the stage where the attacker establishes a communication channel between the compromised system and their own server to maintain remote control, issue commands, and exfiltrate data.
In the given scenario, Jack has already compromised the system and set up a two-way communication link, which is encrypted to avoid detection. This activity is characteristic of the Command and Control phase.
Key Characteristics of the Command and Control Phase:
* The attacker establishes remote communication with the compromised host.
* Encryption or obfuscation methods are used to hide the channel.
* The attacker uses this channel to send further commands, escalate privileges, and execute malicious actions.
* Typical tools: Remote Access Trojans (RATs), backdoors, and tunneling techniques.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* B. Weaponization:This phase involves creating or configuring the malicious payload or exploit (e.g., binding malware to a document or executable). It occurs before the attack delivery.
* C. Reconnaissance:The attacker gathers information about the target (network structure, vulnerabilities) before launching an attack.
* D. Delivery:This phase involves transmitting the weaponized payload to the target through methods such as email attachments, infected links, or USB drives.
Conclusion:
By establishing an encrypted communication channel and controlling the victim's system remotely, Jack is in the Command and Control phase of the Cyber Kill Chain.
Final Answer: A. Command and Control
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
As defined in CTIA materials under "Adversary Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs)" and "Cyber Kill Chain Stages," the Command and Control phase involves creating and maintaining communication between compromised hosts and attacker infrastructure for persistent access and control.
NEW QUESTION # 51
An analyst wants to disseminate the information effectively so that the consumers can acquire and benefit out of the intelligence.
Which of the following criteria must an analyst consider in order to make the intelligence concise, to the point, accurate, and easily understandable and must consist of a right balance between tables, narrative, numbers, graphics, and multimedia?
- A. The right order
- B. The right presentation
- C. The right content
- D. The right time
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 52
Sam works as an analyst in an organization named InfoTech Security. He was asked to collect information from various threat intelligence sources. In meeting the deadline, he forgot to verify the threat intelligence sources and used data from an open-source data provider, who offered it at a very low cost. Through it was beneficial at the initial stage but relying on such data providers can produce unreliable data and noise putting the organization network into risk.
What mistake Sam did that led to this situation?
- A. Sam did not use the proper technology to use or consume the information.
- B. Sam used unreliable intelligence sources.
- C. Sam did not use the proper standardization formats for representing threat data.
- D. Sam used data without context.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Sam's mistake was using threat intelligence from sources that he did not verify for reliability. Relying on intelligence from unverified or unreliable sources can lead to the incorporation of inaccurate, outdated, or irrelevant information into the organization's threat intelligence program. This can result in "noise," which refers to irrelevant or false information that can distract from real threats, and potentially put the organization's network at risk. Verifying the credibility and reliability of intelligence sources is crucial to ensure that the data used for making security decisions is accurate and actionable.
References:
"Best Practices for Threat Intelligence Sharing," by FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams)
"Evaluating Cyber Threat Intelligence Sources," by Jon DiMaggio, SANS Institute InfoSec Reading Room
NEW QUESTION # 53
The cybersecurity team seeks to enhance its threat hunting capabilities in a large enterprise. They plan to search systematically and proactively for adversaries within their networks. What type of threat hunting approaches are they most likely to adopt, involving predefined processes, methodologies, and frameworks for their investigation?
- A. Unstructured threat hunting
- B. Structured threat hunting
- C. Situational threat hunting
- D. Entity-driven threat hunting
Answer: B
Explanation:
Structured Threat Hunting uses predefined methodologies, frameworks, and processes to conduct proactive searches for adversaries within networks.
This approach relies on:
* Established frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK or Diamond Model.
* Standardized investigation workflows.
* Defined hypotheses and repeatable steps for analysis.
It ensures consistency and repeatability in the organization's hunting efforts.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* A. Situational threat hunting: Focuses on specific incidents or triggers rather than predefined methodologies.
* C. Entity-driven threat hunting: Centers on specific users, hosts, or IP addresses based on observed indicators.
* D. Unstructured threat hunting: Ad-hoc and experience-driven, lacking standardized methods.
Conclusion:
The team is using Structured Threat Hunting, which employs standardized frameworks and processes.
Final Answer: B. Structured threat hunting
Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
Structured hunting is described in CTIA as a systematic, framework-based approach that uses defined methodologies for consistent and effective investigations.
NEW QUESTION # 54
Alison, an analyst in an XYZ organization, wants to retrieve information about a company's website from the time of its inception as well as the removed information from the target website.
What should Alison do to get the information he needs.
- A. Alison should recover cached pages of the website from the Google search engine cache to extract the required website information.
- B. Alison should use SmartWhois to extract the required website information.
- C. Alison should use https://archive.org to extract the required website information.
- D. Alison should run the Web Data Extractor tool to extract the required website information.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 55
SecurityTech Inc. is developing a TI plan where it can drive more advantages in less funds. In the process of selecting a TI platform, it wants to incorporate a feature that ranks elements such as intelligence sources, threat actors, attacks, and digital assets of the organization, so that it can put in more funds toward the resources which are critical for the organization's security.
Which of the following key features should SecurityTech Inc. consider in their TI plan for selecting the TI platform?
- A. Open
- B. Scoring
- C. Workflow
- D. Search
Answer: B
Explanation:
Incorporating a scoring feature in a Threat Intelligence (TI) platform allows SecurityTech Inc. to evaluate and prioritize intelligence sources, threat actors, specific types of attacks, and the organization's digital assets based on their relevance and threat level to the organization. This prioritization helps in allocating resources more effectively, focusing on protecting critical assets and countering the most significant threats. A scoring system can be based on various criteria such as the severity of threats, the value of assets, the reliability of intelligence sources, and the potential impact of threat actors or attack vectors. By quantifying these elements, SecurityTech Inc. can make informed decisions on where to invest its limited funds to enhance its security posture most effectively.
References:
"Designing and Building a Cyber Threat Intelligence Capability" by the SANS Institute
"Threat Intelligence: What It Is, and How to Use It Effectively" by Gartner
NEW QUESTION # 56
Bob, a threat analyst, works in an organization named TechTop. He was asked to collect intelligence to fulfil the needs and requirements of the Red Tam present within the organization.
Which of the following are the needs of a RedTeam?
- A. Intelligence related to increased attacks targeting a particular software or operating system vulnerability
- B. Intelligence that reveals risks related to various strategic business decisions
- C. Intelligence extracted latest attacks analysis on similar organizations, which includes details about latest threats and TTPs
- D. Intelligence on latest vulnerabilities, threat actors, and their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 57
A threat analyst wants to incorporate a requirement in the threat knowledge repository that provides an ability to modify or delete past or irrelevant threat data.
Which of the following requirement must he include in the threat knowledge repository to fulfil his needs?
- A. Evaluating performance
- B. Protection ranking
- C. Searchable functionality
- D. Data management
Answer: D
Explanation:
Incorporating a data management requirement in the threat knowledge repository is essential to provide the ability to modify or delete past or irrelevant threat data. Effective data management practices ensure that the repository remains accurate, relevant, and up-to-date by allowing for the adjustment and curation of stored information. This includes removing outdated intelligence, correcting inaccuracies, and updating information as new insights become available. A well-managed repository supports the ongoing relevance and utility of the threat intelligence, aiding in informed decision-making and threat mitigation strategies.References:
* "Building and Maintaining a Threat Intelligence Library," by Recorded Future
* "Best Practices for Creating a Threat Intelligence Policy, and How to Use It," by SANS Institute
NEW QUESTION # 58
ABC is a well-established cyber-security company in the United States. The organization implemented the automation of tasks such as data enrichment and indicator aggregation. They also joined various communities to increase their knowledge about the emerging threats. However, the security teams can only detect and prevent identified threats in a reactive approach.
Based on threat intelligence maturity model, identify the level of ABC to know the stage at which the organization stands with its security and vulnerabilities.
- A. Level 2: increasing CTI capabilities
- B. Level 1: preparing for CTI
- C. Level 0: vague where to start
- D. Level 3: CTI program in place
Answer: D
Explanation:
ABC cyber-security company, which has implemented automation for tasks such as data enrichment and indicator aggregation and has joined various communities to increase knowledge about emerging threats, is demonstrating characteristics of a Level 3 maturity in the threat intelligence maturity model. At this level, organizations have a formal Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) program in place, with processes and tools implemented to collect, analyze, and integrate threat intelligence into their security operations. Although they may still be reactive in detecting and preventing threats, the existence of structured CTI capabilities indicates a more developed stage of threat intelligence maturity.
References:
"Building a Threat Intelligence Program," by Recorded Future
"The Threat Intelligence Handbook," by Chris Pace, Cybersecurity Evangelist at Recorded Future
NEW QUESTION # 59
Mario is working as an analyst in an XYZ organization in the United States. He has been asked to prepare a threat landscape report to provide in-depth awareness and greater insight into the threats his organization is facing.
Which of the following details should he include to prepare a threat landscape report?
- A. A summary of threat actors most likely targeting the organization along with their motivations, intentions, and TTPs
- B. History of an attack and location where it was performed
- C. Attacker's motivation and intention behind the attack
- D. Attribution of an attack to specific threat actor or group
Answer: A
Explanation:
A Threat Landscape Report provides a high-level overview of the current and emerging threats that could affect an organization. It typically includes information about threat actors, motivations, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).
Such reports help management and technical teams understand who is targeting them, why, and how, enabling better risk assessment and preparedness.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
* B. Attribution of an attack: Focuses on identifying a specific attacker, which is only part of a broader report.
* C. Attacker's motivation and intention: Important, but limited in scope compared to a full threat landscape overview.
* D. History and location of attack: Provides context but lacks the broader threat intelligence perspective.
Conclusion:
The threat landscape report should summarize the likely threat actors, their motives, intentions, and TTPs to give a complete understanding of the threat environment.
Final Answer: A. A summary of threat actors most likely targeting the organization along with their motivations, intentions, and TTPs Explanation Reference (Based on CTIA Study Concepts):
CTIA emphasizes that a threat landscape report includes adversary profiles, motivations, and techniques to provide contextual awareness of the threat environment.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Tyrion, a professional hacker, is targeting an organization to steal confidential information. He wants to perform website footprinting to obtain the following information, which is hidden in the web page header.
Connection status and content type
Accept-ranges and last-modified information
X-powered-by information
Web server in use and its version
Which of the following tools should the Tyrion use to view header content?
- A. AutoShun
- B. Burp suite
- C. Hydra
- D. Vanguard enforcer
Answer: B
Explanation:
Burp Suite is a comprehensive tool used for web application security testing, which includes functionality for viewing and manipulating the HTTP/HTTPS headers of web page requests and responses. This makes it an ideal tool for someone like Tyrion, who is looking to perform website footprinting to gather information hidden in the web page header, such as connection status, content type, server information, and other metadata that can reveal details about the web server and its configuration. Burp Suite allows users to intercept, analyze, and modify traffic between the browser and the web server, which is crucial for uncovering such hidden information.References:
* "Burp Suite Essentials" by Akash Mahajan
* Official Burp Suite Documentation
NEW QUESTION # 61
......
The CTIA certification is ideal for security professionals, threat hunters, security analysts, risk managers, and anyone looking to enhance their knowledge and skills in threat intelligence analysis. Certified Threat Intelligence Analyst certification is recognized globally and is highly regarded in the cybersecurity industry. It provides candidates with the necessary skills and knowledge to develop and implement effective threat intelligence programs that can help organizations identify and mitigate threats effectively.
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